THE
TRANSLATION PROCEDURES
By
NEWMARK
1. TRANSFERENCE
= is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes
transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named
"transcription."
Ex: Korean writing style into English
language.
Arab writing style into Indonesian
language.
2. NATURALIZATION
= It adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal
morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)
Ex: ‘Hobby’ in English language become
‘hobi’ in Indonesian language. It has a same sound in pronounce the word with
the same morphology.
‘Service’
in English language become ‘servis’ in Indonesian language. It has a same sound
in pronounce the word with the same morphology.
3. CULTURAL
EQUIVALENT = It means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one.
however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83).
Ex: Carriage same as ‘delman’ in
Indonesia
Wolf
same as ‘kancil’ in Indonesia (a tricky animal).
4. FUNCTIONAL
EQUIVALENT = it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83).
Ex: ‘Kain sari’ a traditional cloth
from India same as ‘Kebaya’ in Indonesia. It has a function to be a traditional
cloth.
Apartment same as Rumah susun in
Indonesia. It has a same function as a set of rooms for living in which
are part of a larger building than house.
5. DESCRIPTIVE
EQUIVALENT = in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several
words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Ex: We have to cross over the road
through the zebra cross = kita harus menyebrang jalan tersebut melalui zebra
cross, tempat atau jalan untuk menyebrang.
The
doctor needs penicillin immediately!= dokter membutuhkan penicillin, obat
antibiotik untuk membunuh bakteri segera!
6. COMPONENTIAL
ANALYSIS = it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a
similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating
first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark,
1988b:114)
Ex: My mother give a special gift in my
birthday = Ibuku memberi sebuah kado spesial di hari ulang tahunku. (verbàverb)
You
look so beautiful in tonight = Kamu
terlihat begitu cantik malam ini. (adjectiveàadjective)
7. SYNONYMY
= it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy.
(Newmark, 1988b:84)
Ex: Rough = rude = impolite = crude =
kasar.
Friendly
= kind = gracious = ramah.
8. TROUGH
TRANSLATION = it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of
organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or
loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
Ex: Police Academy = Akademi polisi
Kindergarten
= taman kanak-kanak
9. TRANSPORSITION
= it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change
from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure
does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an
SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)
Ex: Glasses = kacamata (jamakàtunggal)
Roller
skates = sepatu roda (jamakàtunggal)
10. MODULATION
= it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in
the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the
TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)
Ex: You are going to have a baby = kamu
akan menjadi seorang ayah.
The laws of England govern this Agreement = Perjanjian ini diatur oleh hukum Inggris.
11. RECOGNIZED
TRANSLATION = it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or
the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark,
1988b:89)
Ex: UNO = PBB, USA = Amerika Serikat
12. COMPENSATION
= it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in
another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)
Ex: She couldn’t even wash her cloths without hurting herself!
à
Mencuci baju saja bisa-bisa tangannya terluka!
Conciliation is ours ! à
Saatnya perdamaian!
13. PARAPHRASE
= in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation
is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark,
1988b:91)
Ex: Halloween = malam 31 Oktober dimana
anak-anak mengenakan kostum yang menakutkan dan orang-orang mencoba menakut-nakuti
satu sama lain.
Upload = proses mengunggah data/informasi
ke jaringan komputer yang lebih luas atau ke internet.
14. COUPLETS
= it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark,
1988b:91)
Ex : I stand here today humbled by
the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the
sacrifices borne by our ancestors.
Saya berdiri di sini hari ini terenyak oleh tugas di depan kita,
berterima kasih atas kepercayaan yang Anda berikan, dan teringat akan
pengorbanan oleh leluhur kita.
Using Literal translation and Linguistic
compression (humbled by/ terenyak oleh; borne by/oleh)
Homes have
been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered.
Banyak rumah yang disita, lapangan kerja menurun drastis, bisnis gulung
tikar.
Using Literal translation,
discursive creation (lost = disita, Shed= menurun drastis, Shuttered= gulung tikar)
15. NOTES
= notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Ex : [3] NASA
has guidance for footnote usage in its historical documents.[4]
To escape the limitations imposed
on the word count of various academic and legal
texts which do not take into account notes. Aggressive use of this strategy can
lead to a text affected by "foot and note disease" (a derogation
coined by John Betjeman).[5][6]
