The Translation Procedures by Newmark

THE TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

By NEWMARK

1.       TRANSFERENCE = is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Ex: Korean writing style into English language.

            Arab writing style into Indonesian language.

2.      NATURALIZATION = It adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Ex: ‘Hobby’ in English language become ‘hobi’ in Indonesian language. It has a same sound in pronounce the word with the same morphology.

      ‘Service’ in English language become ‘servis’ in Indonesian language. It has a same sound in pronounce the word with the same morphology.

3.      CULTURAL EQUIVALENT = It means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83).

Ex: Carriage same as ‘delman’ in Indonesia

      Wolf same as ‘kancil’ in Indonesia (a tricky animal).

4.      FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT = it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83).

Ex: ‘Kain sari’ a traditional cloth from India same as ‘Kebaya’ in Indonesia. It has a function to be a traditional cloth.

Apartment same as Rumah susun in Indonesia. It has a same function as a set of rooms for living in which are part of a larger building than house.    

5.      DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT = in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Ex: We have to cross over the road through the zebra cross = kita harus menyebrang jalan tersebut melalui zebra cross, tempat atau jalan untuk menyebrang.

      The doctor needs penicillin immediately!= dokter membutuhkan penicillin, obat antibiotik untuk membunuh bakteri segera!

6.      COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS = it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Ex: My mother give a  special gift in my birthday  = Ibuku memberi sebuah kado spesial di hari ulang tahunku. (verbàverb)

      You look so beautiful in tonight = Kamu terlihat begitu cantik malam ini. (adjectiveàadjective)

7.      SYNONYMY = it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Ex: Rough = rude = impolite = crude = kasar.

      Friendly = kind = gracious = ramah.

8.      TROUGH TRANSLATION = it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Ex: Police Academy = Akademi polisi

      Kindergarten = taman kanak-kanak

9.      TRANSPORSITION = it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Ex: Glasses = kacamata (jamakàtunggal)

      Roller skates = sepatu roda (jamakàtunggal)

10.  MODULATION = it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Ex: You are going to have a baby = kamu akan menjadi seorang ayah.

      The laws of England govern this Agreement = Perjanjian ini diatur oleh hukum Inggris.

11.  RECOGNIZED TRANSLATION = it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Ex: UNO = PBB, USA = Amerika Serikat

12.  COMPENSATION = it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Ex: She couldn’t even wash her cloths without hurting herself!  à

      Mencuci baju saja bisa-bisa tangannya terluka!

      Conciliation is ours !  à

      Saatnya perdamaian!

13.  PARAPHRASE = in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Ex: Halloween = malam 31 Oktober dimana anak-anak mengenakan kostum yang menakutkan dan orang-orang mencoba menakut-nakuti satu sama lain.

       Upload = proses mengunggah data/informasi ke jaringan komputer yang lebih luas atau ke internet.

14.  COUPLETS = it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Ex : I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.

Saya berdiri di sini hari ini terenyak oleh tugas di depan kita, berterima kasih atas kepercayaan yang Anda berikan, dan teringat akan pengorbanan oleh leluhur kita.

Using Literal translation and Linguistic compression (humbled by/ terenyak oleh; borne by/oleh)

Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered.

Banyak rumah yang disita, lapangan kerja menurun drastis, bisnis gulung tikar.

Using Literal translation, discursive creation (lost = disita, Shed= menurun drastis, Shuttered= gulung tikar)

15.  NOTES = notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Ex : ^[3] NASA has guidance for footnote usage in its historical documents.^[4]

       

To escape the limitations imposed on the word count of various academic and legal texts which do not take into account notes. Aggressive use of this strategy can lead to a text affected by "foot and note disease" (a derogation coined by John Betjeman).^[5][6]

3. "Chapter 15: Footnotes, indexes, contents, and outlines". U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual. Retrieved January 23, 2010.

4. "A Guide to Footnotes and Endnotes for NASA History Authors". NASA History Style Guide. Retrieved March 24, 2005.

5. Rogers, Timothy (1968). "Rupert Brooke: Man and Monument". English 17 (99): 79–84. doi:10.1093/english/17.99.79. Retrieved 21 March 2011.

6. Candida Lycett Green (Betjeman's daughter), quoted in "Passed/Failed: An education in the life of Candida Lycett Green, writer", interview by Jonathan Sale. The Independent, Thursday 27 April 2006.